Management’s Behavior towards Fraudulent Financial Reporting: Using a Modified Theory of Planned Behavior

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student Accounting, Faculty of Management and Economics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management and Economics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran

3 professor, Department of Accounting,Faculty of Management and Economics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran.Iran

Abstract

This research applies the modified theory of planned behavior (MTPB) to corporate manager's decision-making and behavior related to detection of fraudulent financial reporting. The sample consists of 319 people selected from the statistical population consisting the board members, chief executive managers and financial managers. Hypotheses are tested using standard questionnaire and structural equations modeling. The results suggest that the modified theory of planned behavior can be an appropriate mechanism to predict manager decisions related to fraudulent financial reporting.
This study is useful for regulators, standard developers, and the corporate stakeholders who seek a fraudulent behavior therapy for management financial reporting. 

Keywords


احمدی، ابراهیم.(1396). مقایسه خودبرتربینی اخلاقی در دو حوزه انجام دادن رفتارهای اخلاقی و انجام ندادن رفتارهای غیراخلاقی. فصلنامه پژوهش­های کاربردی روانشناختی،8(1)، 132-121.
اعتمادی، حسین؛ خلیل پور، مهدی؛ تقی پوریان، یوسف.(1391). تأثیراخلاق حرفه­ای حسابداران بر قابلیت اتکای صورت­های مالی. فصلنامه اخلاقدرعلوموفناوری، 7(3)، 43-35.
ایمر، فرشید؛ گرکز، منصور.(1397). شیب لغزنده یا رفتار جبرانی به نقش متارکه اخلاقی و خود شیفتگی در تصمیم­گیری اخلاقی حسابداری. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی حسابداری مدیریت،6(37)،41-58.
بولو، قاسم؛ اکبریان شورکایی،رضا.(1396). بررسی رابطه پدیده تماشاگری، قدرت شواهد و مسئولیت ادراک شده با احتمال گزارشگری تقلب. فصلنامه حسابداری ارزشی و رفتاری، 2(3)، 1-32.
جامعی، رضا؛ نوری­زاده، مرضیه؛ نصیری، بهنام.(1392). بررسی رابطه عدم صداقت مدیران موظف و بروز تقلب در شرکت­های پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران. همایش ملی حسابرسی و نظارت مالی ایران، 1-30.
رهنمای رودپشتی، فریدون؛ یزدانی، شهره.(1388). کاربرد تئوری­های روانشناسی در حسابداری. پژوهشنامه حسابداری مالی و حسابرسی، 1(4)، 1-26.
ساریخانی، مهدی؛ ایزدی­نیا، ناصر؛ دائی کریم­زاده، سعید.(1397). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر قصد گزارشگری تقلب با استفاده از مثلث تقلب و تئوری رفتار برنامه­ریزی شده: از دیدگاه حسابداران. فصلنامه حسابداری ارزشی و رفتاری، 3(6)، 105-135.
عاطفی، مرجان؛ برزگر، الهه.(1396). رابطه اخلاق پولی و ادراک اخلاقی دانشجویان حسابداری با درک اقدامات تردیدآمیز. فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، 12(2)، 117-126.
فرقان دوست حقیقی، کامبیز؛ برواری، فرید.(1388). بررسی کاربرد روش­های تحلیلی در ارزیابی ریسک تحریف. دانش و پژوهش حسابداری، 1(16)، 18-70.
قاسم­زاده، میثم. پرسشنامه استاندارداخلاق حرفه­ای،1393، 1-5
کلانتری، خلیل.(1388). مدل­سازی معادلات ساختاری در تحقیقات اجتماعی- اقتصادی، تهران: انتشارات فرهنگ صبا.
نمازی، محمد؛ ابراهیمی، فهیمه.(1393). بررسی تأثیر متغیر تعدیلی شدت اخلاقی ادراک شده بر قصد گزارش داخلی موارد تقلب توسط حسابداران. بررسی­های حسابداری2(5)، 109-133.
نمازی، محمد؛ رجب دری، حسین؛ روستا میمندی، اعظم.(1396). تدوین الگوی توسعه پایدار اخلاق حرفه­ای حسابداری. فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری12(4)،70-80.
هادیزاده مقدم، اکرم؛ طبرسا، غلامعی؛ رامین مهر، حمید.(1393). ارائه مدل مدیریت رفتارهای کاری نابهنجار بر اساس نظریه رفتار برنامه­ریزی شده. فصلنامه مدیریت سازمان­های دولتی، 2(3)، 65-88.
هومن، حیدرعلی.(1387). مدل­یابی معادلات ساختاری با کاربرد نرم­افزار لیزرل، تهران : انتشارات سمت.
یزدان­پناه، مسعود؛ حیاتی، داریوش؛ زمانی، غلامحسین.(1390). واکاوی رفتار و تمایلات رفتاری کارکنان سازمان­های کشاورزی نسبت به حفاظت آب: کاربرد تئوری تکامل یافته رفتار برنامه­ریزی شده. فصلنامه علوم محیطی، 9(1)،1-22.
Ahmadi, E.(2017).Comparing Ethical Self-Superiority in the Fields of Doing Ethical Behaviors and not Doing Unethical Behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychological Research,8(1),121-132.(In Persian)
Ajzen, I &Fishbein,M. (1995).Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Prentice-Hall.
Ajzen, I. &Maddan,T.J.(1996). Prediction of Goal Directed Behavior, Attitudes, Intention and Perceived Behavioral Control.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,22(5),453-474.
Ajzen, I.(1985).From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In: Kuhl, J. and Beckmann, J., Eds., Action-Control: From Cognition to Behavior, Springer, Heidelberg, 11-39.
Ajzen, I.(1991).The theory of planned behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes50(2), 179-211.
Association of Certified Fraud Examiners.(2002). Report to the Nation. http://marketplace.cfcnet.com/downloads.asp.
Atefi, M. &Barzagar, E.(2017). Relationship Between Money Ethics & Ethical Perception of Accounting Students with Understanding the Questionable Actions. Journals of Ethics in Science and Technology, 12(2)117-126.(In Persian)
Boulou,G.&Akbariyan Shurkaei, R.(2017). An Examination of the Relationship of by stander Effect, Evidence Strength and Perceived Responsibility with Reporting Fraud. Journal of Value& Behavioral Accounting, 2(3),1-32. (In Persian)
Braithewaite,V.A.& Law,H.G.(1985). Structure of Human Values: Testing the Adequacy of the Rokeach Value Survey.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 250-263.
Brief,A. P.,J. Dukerich, M.& Doran,L. I.(2011). Resolving Ethical Dilemmas in Management: Experimental Investigations of Values, Account- Ability,and Choice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21(5), 380-396.
Brown,J.&Stuebs,M.T.(2016). Modeling Accountant Whistleblowing Intentions: Applying The Theory of Planned Behavior and The Fraud Triangle. Accounting and the Public Interst, 16, 28-56.
Chang, M.K.(2013). Predicting Unethical Behavior: A Comparison of the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 1825-1834.
Cialdini, R. B., Levy, A., Herman, C. P., & Evenbeck, S.(2009). Attitudinal Politics: The Strategy of Moderation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 100-108.
Cohen,j.,Felsan Y., Lesage,c.,&Stolowy,H.(2010). Corporate Fraud Manager’s Behavior: Evidence From the Press. Journal of Business Ethics, 95,271-315.
Coleman, J.W.(2002). The Criminal Elite: The Sociology of White Collar Crime. St. Martin’s Press, New York).
Dafild,R.Groboski.(2001). Earnings Management in an Over Lapping Generation Model. Journals of Accounting Research,26(2),195-235.
Eimer, F. & Garkaz, M.(2018). slippery slope or compensatory behavior? The Role of Moral Disengagement and Narcissism in Accounting Ethical Decision Making. Journal of Management Accounting, 6(37), 41-58. (In Persian)
Etemadi, H. Khalilpoor, M.& Taghipooran, Y.(2012). The Impact of Financial Statement Reliability.Journal of Ethics and Technology.7(3), 35-43. (In Persian)
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I.(1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Flannery, B.L.& MayD.R.(2000). Environmental Ethical Decision making in the U.S. Metal Finishing Industry. Academy of Management, 43, 642-662.
ForghandoostHaghighi, K. & Barvari, F.(2007). Investigating Applied Analytical Methods in Assessment Fraud Risk. Journal of Knowledge and Research in Accounting, 1(16), 18-70. (In Persian)
Ghasemzadeh, Meysam Quessinare in Professional Ethics. (2015).
Glover, S. H., Bumpus, M. A.sharp, G. F. & Munchus, G.A. (2002).Gender Differences in Ethical Management, Women in Management Review, 17, 217-227.
HadizadehMoghaddam, A.,Gholamali, T. Raminmehr, H.(2014). Developing the CWBS’S Model based on Theory of Planned behavior ;( A Personality Traits Approach). Journal of Management, economics and Accounting public organization management, 2(3), 65-88. (In Persian)
Hooman.H.(2014). Structural Equation Modeling With Lisrel Software.Tehran:Samt Publishment.(In Persian)
Jamei.R.,Noorozadeh, M. &Nasiri, B.(2013). Investigating the Relationship between Executive Dishonesty and Fraud in listed Company of Tehran stock exchange.International auditing and financial surveillance seminar, 1-30.
K Tatum, B Ballou, J Carcello, P Gillett, G Krull, K Kubin, L Rittenberg.(2000). (American accounting Association Auditing Standards Committee):, Fraud: A Review of Academic Literature, Auditor’s Report, Special Issue on Fraud Detection 24 (2).
Kalantari, KH.(2009). Structural Equation modeling in socio-economic research (with lisrel and simplis software).Tehran: Samt Publishment. (In Persian)
Kaplan, S. E.(2001).Ethically Related Judgments of Observers of Earnings Management.Journal of Business Ethics 32, 285-298.
Keenan, J. P.(2010). Upper-level managers and whistle-blowing: Determinants of perceptions of company encouragement and information about when to blow the whistle. Journal of Business and Psychology, 5, 223-235.
Keli, M., Tianna, A., Sainsbury, R., &Sneha, S.(2010).Toward a Theory of Whistle Blowing Intentions: a Benefit-to-Cost Differential Perspective. Decision Sciences Journal, 41(4), 787-812.
King,R. D.(2002). A Study of the Effect of Age and Gender upon Student Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 11,179-186.
Kruglanski,A. W.(1984). The Human Subject in the Psychological Experiment: Fact and Artifact, in L. Berkowitz (ed). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 101-147.
Larkin,J.M.(2000). The Ability of Internal Auditors to Identify Ethical Dilemmas. Journal of Business Ethics, 23,401-409.
Lopez, F.M.(2001). Evaluating Executive Decision Making: The In-Basket Technique, AMA Research Study no. 75.American Management Association, New York.
Lozano, J. M.(1996). Ethics and Management: A Controversial. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(2), 227-237.
McCoy, C. S.(1985). Management of values: The ethical difference in corporate policy and performance (Pitman series in business and public policy).Pitman; First Edition edition
McCoy, C. S.(1985). Management of Values: The Ethical Differences in Corporate Policy and Performance (Pitman,Boston).
Miceli, M. P. & Near, J. P.(1994). Relationships among value congruence, perceived victimization and retaliation against whistle-blowers. Journal of Management, 20(4), 773-794.
Minkes, A. L. smallM. W. & chaterjeeS.R.(1999). Leadership and Business Ethics: Does it Matter? Implication for Management. Journal of Business Ethics, 20,327-335.
Namazi, M. & Ebrahimi, F.(2015). Investigating the Moderating Effect of Perceived Moral Intensity on Accountants’ Intentions of Internal Reporting Fraud. Accounting Review, 2(5), 109-133.(In Persian)
Namazi, M. Rajabdari, H. & Roosta, A.(2018). Codifying Sustainable Development Pattern of Accounting Professional Ethics.Ethics in science and Technology12(4), 70-80. (In Persian)
O’Leary, C., & Pangemanan, G. V.(2007). The effect of group work on ethical decision making of accountancy students. Journal of Business Ethics, 75(3), 215-228.
Orij,R.(2010) .Corporate social disclosures in the context of national cultures and stakeholder theory.Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 23(7),1-15
Palmrose, Z.V.(1987). Litigation and Independent Auditors: The Role of Business Failures and Management Fraud, Auditing. A Journal of Practice and Theory6, 90-103.
Perera, M.H.B.(1989). Towards a framework to analyze the impact of culture on accounting.The International Journal of Accounting, 24, 42-56.
Pitta. D. A., Fung. H. & Isberg.S.(1999). Ethical issues across cultures: managing the differing perspectives of China and the USA .Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(3),240-256.
Pulliam, S.(2003). Over the Line: A Staffer Ordered to Commit Fraud Balked, then Caved Pushed by WorldCom Bosses. Accountant Betty Vinson Helped Cook the Books- a Confession at the Marriott, Wall Street journal.
Rahnama roodposhti, F, Yazdani Sh.(2009). Applied Psychological Theories an Accounting. Journal of Financial Accounting and Auditing, 1(4), 1-26.
Reinstein, J. Coursen.(1999). considering the Risk of Fraud: Understanding the Auditor’s New Requirements. The National Society of Public Accountant, 34-38.
Rokeach, M. (1979). Understanding Human Values. Free Press, New York.
Rosenberg, R. R.(1984). Managerial Morality and Behavior: the Questionable Payment Issue.Journal of Business Ethics, 6, 23-36.
Sama, L. &Shoaf,V.(2008). Ethical Leadership for the Professions: Fostering a Moral Community. Journal of Business Ethics, 78(1), 39-46.
Sarbanes, P.& Oxley, M.(2002). Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002. Washington, D.C: US Congress.
Sarikhani M, Izadinia N. & Daei-Karimzadeh S.(2019). Investigating the Factors Affecting the Whistle-blowing Intentions Using the Fraud Triangle and the Theory of Planned Behavior: An Accountant's Perspective. journal of Value & Behavioral  Accounting,; 3(6), 105-135.(In Persian)
Schwartz, S.H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M. & Owens, V.(2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of  Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(5),519-542.
Security and Exchange Commission (SEC).(2003). Final Rule: Disclosure Required by Sections 406 and407 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002,http://sec.gov.
Sheppard, B. H (1988). The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Meta- Analysis of Research and Recommendation for Modifications to Future Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 32-43.
Smith, P.B. & Schwartz, S.H.(1997). Values, In J.W. Berry, M.H. Segall & C.Kagitcibasi (Eds.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, (2nd edn., vol. 3,pp. 77-118), Allyn & Bacon, London.
Tina, D. Carpenter.&Jane, L. Reimers.(2005). Unethical and Fradulant Reporting: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior..Journal of Business Ethics, 60, 115-129.
Toffler, B., & Reingold, J.(2003). Final accounting: Ambition, greed and the fall of Arthur Andersen. New York: Broadway Books.
Treadway Commission.(1999). Fraudulent Financial Reporting: 1987-1997, An Analysis of U.S. Public Companies (New York: Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Tread Way Commission).
Trevino, L. K., & Victor, V.(1992). Peer reporting of unethical behavior: A social context perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 38-64.
Vitell E.g., Nwachukwu, S. L., & Barnes J. H.(1993). The Effects of Culture on Ethical Decision-Making: An Application of Hofstede's Typology. Journal of Business Ethics, 12, 753-760.
Wahn, J.(2003). Sex Difference in Competitive and Compliant Unethical Work Behavior. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18, 121-127.
Yazdanpanah, M. Hayati, D. & Zamani, G.(2012). Investigating Agricultural Professionals’ Intentionsand Behaviours towards Water Conservation:Using a Modified Theory of Planned Behavior. Environmental Sciences, 9(1), 1-22. (In Persian)
Young, M.(2013). Cultural Influences on Accounting and Its Practices .A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University.